Half of the soil on our U.S. farmland is gone. Conventional agricultural practices and conversion of land to cropland caused this devastating loss. The good news is that the rate of soil erosion has declined, with an even brighter path ahead.
The reason to share optimism about soil’s future is that there is a concerted and growing effort to improve our land’s soil health. The U.S. Department of Agriculture spurred this shift with financial incentives for farmers through the Conservation Stewardship Program and Environmental Quality Incentives Program, among others, which require them to reduce soil loss on erosion-prone land and protect wetlands.
Field-level soil-health management systems include a combination of practices. Key among them are conservation tillage, cover crops, conservation crop rotations, and other practices such as organic soil amendments and adaptive nutrient and pest management. Leveraging a number of these practices can deliver synergist effects in a positive feedback loop across the supply chain, providing important environmental, social and economic outcomes.
1. Healthy soil is a carbon and water sponge
Soil health best practices minimize surface disruption (e.g., less tilling or no tilling), keep the soil covered as much as possible (e.g., cover crops) to limit erosion, and provide plant diversity (e.g., cover crops and crop rotations) to naturally feed the soil and support greater biological diversity below the ground.
Does this mean that soil is a carbon sink? Soil is already the largest terrestrial carbon pool and soil health practices can add to it. The Nature Conservancy estimates that widespread adoption of soil health practices can mitigate 25 million metric tons, or 5 million passenger cars, of carbon each year. Companies are beginning to leverage voluntary carbon trading and targeted programs in their own supply chains, such as insetting, to support such progress and lasting changes.
Increasing the soil organic carbon content has additional benefits, including increasing soil’s water-holding capacity. The Soil Health Institute estimates that one percent more soil organic carbon can deliver 2-5 percent more water reserves, equal to the top six inches of soil being able to hold 2,500 to 12,000 gallons of water per acre. With this added ability to hold moisture in the soil, fields can withstand the increased occurrence of droughts and extreme storms, instead of soil being carried away.
2. Soil health is connected to our health
At the most basic level, soil health is a food security issue. At least 95 percent of our calorie consumption is derived from soil. Thus, soil productivity is critical to feed our growing population. The FAO points out that agricultural production must increase 60 percent globally in the coming years and that sustainable soil management could produce up to 58 percent more food. However, the connection between the health of the soil and our health runs even deeper.
The nutrients that help a plant grow are necessary for humans and animal health. Plants grown on nutrient-deficient soils deliver inadequate nutritional quality to those consuming it — contributing to nutrient deficiencies. Building soil organic matter and overall soil health have the potential to enhance the availability of these nutrients to the growing plants and ultimately to those consuming them.
3. Soil health = economic health
Economic contributions of soil health are notable. Beyond the human health and environmental services discussed, thriving soils can bring greater yields and resilience with reduced input costs to producers.
Crop yields tend to be less variable with higher soil organic matter content. Improved soil composition, structure and biological activity from soil health practices can also help boost yields over time. For example, cover crops deliver a 4-5 percent higher yield in cotton. Further, product quality can be enhanced, from food crop nutrient composition to fiber crop strength. Added to this, input costs can be reduced with less water, pest control and tillage. The need for herbicide use diminishes with no-till practices and cover crops can suppress herbicide-resistance weeds, such as Palmer amaranth.
These gains are important to producers as they impact their bottom line, and they also help alleviate leading concerns, such as production costs and weed resistance. The longer-term impacts could support rural vitality and farm/supply continuity.
Soil’s call to action
Soil health is an opportunity to partner across the supply chain for a win-win-win — environmentally, socially and economically. Leading brands such as Wrangler, Annie’s and DanoneWave have taken the call to action and are incorporating soil health into their businesses. Yet preventing erosion and building soil health should be an aim for all brands that rely on thriving farms.
This starts with getting to know each step that separates you from the farm and visiting farms that are growing raw materials for your company. There is a lot to gain from taking the time to learn about the challenges faced at the farm, long-term goals and where soil health fits in. This deeper understanding will help identify ways to work together toward common aims and share in the environmental, social and economic gains that soil health promises.
Get the latest insights, trends, and innovations to help position yourself at the forefront of sustainable business leadership—delivered straight to your inbox.
VP of Consulting
Cheryl Baldwin, Ph.D. is a Vice President of Consulting for Pure Strategies, where she partners with corporate clients to develop and execute strategies to improve sustainability performance across food, home and personal care, and cosmetics industries. Cheryl also leads the firms’ global market research to generate new insights to accelerate business transformation.
Published May 3, 2018 12pm EDT / 9am PDT / 5pm BST / 6pm CEST